24
24
+12V and GND rails to prevent a lot of current flowing. Lets work
25
25
this out (lets suppose that R is 1 ohm).
27
V = IR, therefor I = V/R
27
V = IR, therefore I = V/R
28
28
P = VI = V(V/R) = (V^2)/R = ( 12 ^ 2 ) / 1 = 144W
29
P = VI, therefor I = P/V = 144/12 = 12A
29
P = VI, therefore I = P/V = 144/12 = 12A
31
31
That's a lot of current and a lot of power, flowing continuously, just
185
185
| +-------+-------'
187
187
Arduino | ___ ,-|
193
193
Here, R3 = R4 = R5 = 340Ω, as usual. The numbher of LEDs is limited
194
194
only by the current that can be drawn from the power supply.
200
An RC (resistor capacitor) curcuit is a basic low-pass filter. Here
201
we're talking about giving it a pulse wave signal (a voltage that
202
oscillates between 0V and approx. 5V).
204
Vin o----[___]----+-----o Vc
210
0V o-------------+-----o
212
If the resistor weren't there, the capacitor on it's own would act
213
like an open circuit to a pulse wave (or to an AC power supply). This
214
is because the capacitor would charge to the voltage supplied across
215
it and discharge almost immediately. The purpose of the resistor is to
216
limit the current that is available to charge the capacitor, so it
217
charges slowly and it takes some time before Vc becomes almost equal
220
With a pulse wave on Vin, Vc would look something like this:
224
,'' \ ,'' \ ,'' \ ,''
226
0V / ',,_/ ',,_/ ',,_/
228
If you were to draw the tangent to the curve at time=0 (so, the
229
initial rate of change of charging), and you note the time that this
230
line crossed 5V, then this time is T. That is to say, time T is the
231
time it would take the capacitor to charge to the target voltage if it
232
charged constantly at the rate it actually initially charges at. Then
233
this equation applies
241
When using an NPN transistor as a switch, a typical set up might look
244
o--------------+---- 5V
251
o---[___]--b(|↘ ) T (NPN)
256
You would typically connect the pin to 5V to turn on the transistor.
257
The current between the emitter and base turns on a larger current
258
between the emitter and collector. The resistor, R, limits the
259
turn-on current and prevents a short (effectively) across the
260
transistor (and whatever the pin is connected to, such as an
263
PNP transistors were used in the days when a -5V rail was typical
264
instead of a 5V rail. In this case, a typical set up would be exactly
265
the same as above, but with -5V used for the top rail and a PNP
266
transistor. The thing to note here is that the direction of the
267
current would also have changed. Now imagine flipping this diagram
268
up-side-down and offsetting both rails by +5V (so that -5V becomes GND
269
and GND becomes 5V, respectively). Then you'd have this set up, which
270
is a modern-day typical usage scenario for a PNP transistor.
275
o---[___]--b(|↙ ) T (PNP)
282
o--------------+---- GND
284
In this set up, as before, a current is required between the base and
285
emitter to turn on a larger current between the collector and emitter.
286
But the difference this time is that the pin must be connected to
287
ground to achieve this.
293
Two capacitors in parallel are equivelant to one capacitor whose
294
value is the sum of the two.
297
COMMON PARTS LIST AND USEFUL VALUES
298
===================================
301
BC548/BC547, 5V switch
304
BC327/BC328, -5V switch
308
With 5V across them, a 560Ω resistor is required.