4
// Testing to see if we can read all 8 channels, multiplexed together on to two
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// interrupts (odd channels on one, and even on the other). We read the
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// channels by measuring the pulse width.
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// Ideally, it would be nice if we could read the raw PPM stream from the
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// receiver. Sometimes you can open up your receiver and get to this stream,
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// but we have been unable. And since this isn't guaranteed to ever be
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// available, reading the analogue outputs is certainly more portable. So, we
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// are multiplexing the separate channels to two streams of pulses, like this:
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// ch1 ch3 ch5 ch7 ch2 ch4 ch6 ch8
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// ___ | | | | | | | | ___
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// GND ---|___|---+----+----+----+ +----+----+----+----|___|--- GND
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// ____________________ | __ | _____________________
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// (int. 0) pin 2 o o pin 3 (int. 1)
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// The two resistors in the circuit are pull-down resistors. Without them, the
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// Arduino is unable to read the pulse wave (I guess because of the diodes --
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// it's fine without them!).
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// (Note that on our receiver, and contrary to the above diagram, the channels
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// are not actually sent in order. Channels 2 and 3 are reversed. To this end,
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// the order that channels are received can be adjusted below.)
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// minimum pulse width (in ms), used to weed out crappy signals
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#define MIN_PULSE_WIDTH 1000UL
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// maximum pulse width (in ms), used to weed out crappy signals
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#define MAX_PULSE_WIDTH 2000UL
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#define NUM_CHANNELS 8
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// minimum frame gap time (in ms), used to check that the frame gap is where we
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// expect it to be and that we have read the channels properly
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#define MIN_FRAME_GAP_WIDTH ( 4000UL + MIN_PULSE_WIDTH )
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// the width of the display of a single channel (in chars)
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// the channel's expected range for use in drawing (should be similar to
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// {MAX,MIN}_PULSE_WIDTH values)
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#define GRAPH_MIN 1000
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#define GRAPH_MAX 2000
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// channel sequence order
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const int channel_order_[] = { 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 };
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// set to the time of the last pulse edges
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static unsigned long new_pulse_up_[2] = { 0, 0 };
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static unsigned long new_pulse_down_ = 0;
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static char new_pulse_interrupt_;
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// ISR to handle the PPM signals
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inline void signal_handler( int interrupt, int pin )
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// record rising/falling edge
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if( digitalRead( pin ) )
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new_pulse_up_[ interrupt ] = micros();
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new_pulse_down_ = micros();
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// record which interrupt just had a falling edge
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new_pulse_interrupt_ = interrupt;
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void signal_handler_0()
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signal_handler( 0, 2 );
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void signal_handler_1()
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signal_handler( 1, 3 );
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// set up an interrupts
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attachInterrupt( 0, signal_handler_0, CHANGE );
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attachInterrupt( 1, signal_handler_1, CHANGE );
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digitalWrite( 2, LOW );
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digitalWrite( 3, LOW );
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unsigned long calculate_duration( unsigned long then, unsigned long now )
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return now + ( ULONG_MAX - then );
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static int count_ = 0, good_ = 0;
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bool read_channels( unsigned long channel_values[] )
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static unsigned long last_pulse_down = 0;
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static int next_channel = 0;
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// capture pulse values atomically
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unsigned long pulse_up = new_pulse_up_[ new_pulse_interrupt_ ];
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unsigned long pulse_down = new_pulse_down_;
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char new_pulse_interrupt = new_pulse_interrupt_;
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// if the amount of time that has passed since the last falling edge is
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// greater than the frame gap, reset the next channel so that we can start
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// reading them again
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new_pulse_interrupt == 1 &&
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calculate_duration( pulse_down, micros() ) > MIN_FRAME_GAP_WIDTH )
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// reset the next channel (which restarts reading them)
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// check for a new complete pulse
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if( pulse_down != last_pulse_down )
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// are there still pulses to read?
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if( next_channel < NUM_CHANNELS )
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unsigned long duration =
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calculate_duration( pulse_up, pulse_down );
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// does this pulse look ok?
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if( duration >= MIN_PULSE_WIDTH &&
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duration <= MAX_PULSE_WIDTH )
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// store channel value
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int channel = channel_order_[ next_channel ] - 1;
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channel_values[ channel ] = duration;
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// set invalid channel number (to indicate error)
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next_channel = NUM_CHANNELS + 1;
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last_pulse_down = pulse_down;
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// if we've read a frame, invalidate the frame (so we don't report it a
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// second time) and return true
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if( next_channel == NUM_CHANNELS ) {
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void draw_graph( unsigned long channel_values[] )
183
static char graph[ GRAPH_SIZE + 2 ];
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static char inited_graph = false;
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if( !inited_graph ) {
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for( int a = 1; a < GRAPH_SIZE + 1; a++ )
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graph[ GRAPH_SIZE + 1 ] = 0;
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for( int a = 0; a < NUM_CHANNELS; a++ ) {
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unsigned long value = max( 0,
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min( channel_values[ a ], GRAPH_MAX ) - GRAPH_MIN );
197
int pos = ( GRAPH_SIZE ) * value / ( GRAPH_MAX - GRAPH_MIN );
198
graph[ pos + 1 ] = '^';
199
Serial.print( graph );
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graph[ pos + 1 ] = '_';
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Serial.println( "|" );
208
unsigned long channel_values[ NUM_CHANNELS ];
212
if( read_channels( channel_values ) )
213
draw_graph( channel_values );